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Bone regeneration
"Bone has a remarkable endogenous regenerative capacity that enables scarless healing and restoration of its prior mechanical function, even under challenging conditions such as advanced age and metabolic or immunological degenerative diseases. However — despite much progress — a high number of bone injuries still heal with unsatisfactory outcomes. The mechanisms leading to impaired healing are heterogeneous, and involve exuberant and non-resolving immune reactions or overstrained mechanical conditions that affect the delicate regulation of the early initiation of scar-free healing. Every healing process begins phylogenetically with an inflammatory reaction, but its spatial and temporal intensity must be tightly controlled. Dysregulation of this inflammatory cascade directly affects the subsequent healing phases and hinders the healing progression."