Geißler and Perka will investigate the effects of implant-derived metal exposure on bone remodelling and bone marrow composition. Implant-derived metal exposure represents a chronic pro-inflammatory model and disturbs the complex mutual regulation between multipotent lymphoid progenitor, adult immune and mesenchymal stromal cells. Bone homeostasis and regeneration are affected and long-lasting negative effects such as implant loosening and higher re-revision rates are observed in affected patients. Using patient material, the effect of metallic exposure on the pro-inflammatory environment in bone homeostasis will be characterised. A microfluidic 3D bone-on-a-chip system will be utilised to understand the effects of metal exposure on bone formation and how the individual immune profiles drives mechanisms and consequences of inflammation-associated bone loss.